.UTF-16 (16- Transformation Format) is a capable of encoding all 1,112,064 valid of Unicode. The encoding is, as code points are encoded with one or two 16-bit code units (also see for a comparison of, -16 & ).UTF-16 arose from an earlier fixed-width 16-bit encoding known as (for 2-byte Universal Character Set) once it became clear that more than 2 16 code points were needed.UTF-16 is used internally by systems such as Windows and Java and by, and often for and for word-processing data files on Windows. It is rarely used for files on Unix/Linux. It never gained popularity on the web, where is dominant (and considered 'the mandatory encoding for all text' by ). UTF-16 is used by under 0.01% of web pages themselves. WHATWG recommends that for security reasons browser apps should not use UTF-16.
Contents.History In the late 1980s, work began on developing a uniform encoding for a 'Universal Character Set' that would replace earlier language-specific encodings with one coordinated system. The goal was to include all required characters from most of the world's languages, as well as symbols from technical domains such as science, mathematics, and music. The original idea was to replace the typical 256-character encodings, which required 1 byte per character, with an encoding using 65,536 (2 16) values, which would require 2 bytes per character.Two groups worked on this in parallel, and the, the latter representing mostly manufacturers of computing equipment. The two groups attempted to synchronize their character assignments so that the developing encodings would be mutually compatible. The early 2-byte encoding was usually called 'Unicode', but is now called 'UCS-2'. UCS-2 differs from UTF-16 by being a constant length encoding and only capable of encoding characters of.Early in this process it became increasingly clear that 2 16 characters would not suffice, and IEEE introduced a larger 31-bit space and an encoding (UCS-4) that would require 4 bytes per character. This was resisted by the Unicode Consortium, both because 4 bytes per character wasted a lot of disk space and memory, and because some manufacturers were already heavily invested in 2-byte-per-character technology.
The UTF-16 encoding scheme was developed as a compromise to resolve this impasse in version 2.0 of the Unicode standard in July 1996 and is fully specified in published in 2000 by the.In UTF-16, code points greater or equal to 2 16 are encoded using two 16-bit code units. The standards organizations chose the largest block available of un-allocated 16-bit code points to use as these code units. Unlike they did not provide a means to encode these code points.UTF-16 is specified in the latest versions of both the international standard and the Unicode Standard. 'UCS-2 should now be considered obsolete. It no longer refers to an encoding form in either 10646 or the Unicode Standard.' There are no plans to extend UTF-16 to support a higher number of code points, or the codes replaced by surrogates, as allocating code points for this would violate the Unicode Stability Policy with respect to general category or surrogate code points. An example idea would be to allocate another BMP value to prefix a triple of low,low,high surrogates (the order swapped so that it cannot match a surrogate pair in searches), allowing 2 30 more code points to be encoded, but changing the purpose of a code point is disallowed (using no prefix is also not allowed as two of these characters next to each other would match a surrogate pair).Description U+0000 to U+D7FF and U+E000 to U+FFFF Both UTF-16 and UCS-2 encode code points in this range as single 16-bit code units that are numerically equal to the corresponding code points.
These code points in the (BMP) are the only code points that can be represented in UCS-2. As of Unicode 9.0, some modern non-Latin Asian, Middle-Eastern, and African scripts fall outside this range, as do most characters.U+010000 to U+10FFFF Code points from the other planes (called ) are encoded as two 16-bit code units called a surrogate pair, by the following scheme:UTF-16 decoder.
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HighDC00DC01DFFFDFFDFF⋮⋮⋮⋱⋮DBFF10FC0010FC0110FFFF. 0x10000 is subtracted from the code point (U), leaving a 20-bit number (U') in the range 0x00000–0xFFFFF.
U is defined to be no greater than 0x10FFFF. The high ten bits (in the range 0x000–0x3FF) are added to 0xD800 to give the first 16-bit code unit or high surrogate (W1), which will be in the range 0xD800–0xDBFF. The low ten bits (also in the range 0x000–0x3FF) are added to 0xDC00 to give the second 16-bit code unit or low surrogate (W2), which will be in the range 0xDC00–0xDFFF.Illustrated visually, the distribution of U' between W1 and W2 looks like. UTF-8 encoding produces byte values strictly less than 0xFE, so either byte in the BOM sequence also identifies the encoding as UTF-16 (assuming that UTF-32 is not expected). Use of U+FEFF as the character ZWNBSP instead of as a BOM has been deprecated in favor of U+2060 (WORD JOINER); see at unicode.org. But if an application interprets an initial BOM as a character, the ZWNBSP character is invisible, so the impact is minimal. section 4.3 says that if there is no BOM, 'the text SHOULD be interpreted as being big-endian.'
According to section 1.2, the meaning of the term 'SHOULD' is governed. In that document, section 3 says '. There may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to ignore a particular item, but the full implications must be understood and carefully weighed before choosing a different course'.References. The Unicode Consortium. Unicode, Inc.
Retrieved 29 March 2018. ^. Retrieved 2018-10-22. The UTF-8 encoding is the most appropriate encoding for interchange of Unicode, the universal coded character set. Therefore for new protocols and formats, as well as existing formats deployed in new contexts, this specification requires (and defines) the UTF-8 encoding. The problems outlined here go away when exclusively using, which is one of the many reasons that is now the mandatory encoding for all things. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
^. Retrieved 2010-11-12. Cite web requires website=. ISO/IEC 'Information technology – Universal Coded Character Set (UCS)' sections 9 and 10.
The Unicode Standard version 7.0 (2014). (PDF). Unicode Consortium. Cite web requires website= section C.2 page 913 (pdf page 10). Unicode.org.
Yergeau, Francois; Hoffman, Paul. Retrieved 2019-06-18. Allen, Julie D.; Anderson, Deborah;; Cook, Richard, eds. Mountain View:. Retrieved 3 November 2014. Retrieved 2011-03-08 'These functions use UTF-16 (wide character) encoding used for native Unicode encoding on Windows operating systems.'
7 December 2005. Retrieved 2008-02-01. Cite web requires website=. Retrieved 2009-07-20. Cite web requires website=.
Retrieved 2009-07-20. Cite web requires website=. Retrieved 2019-04-26. Cite web requires website=. Selph, Chad (2012-11-08).
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Retrieved 2016-06-21. Cite web requires website=. Php.net.External links.: UTF-16, an encoding of ISO 10646.
Dashwood dies, he must leave the bulk of his estate to the son by his first marriage, which leaves his second wife and their three daughters (Elinor, Marianne, and Margaret) in straitened circumstances. They are taken in by a kindly cousin, but their lack of fortune affects the marriageability of both practical Elinor and romantic Marianne. When Elinor forms an attachment for the wealthy Edward Ferrars, his family disapproves and separates them. And though Mrs. Jennings tries to match the worthy (and rich) Colonel Brandon to her, Marianne finds the dashing and fiery John Willoughby more to her taste. Both relationships are sorely tried.
After seeing Pride and Prejudice with Colin Firth I wouldn't expect myself to like another JA adaptation so much, but I confess I did. P&P stays my favourite but S&S is very close. I can't agree with some of the comments that Hugh Grant wasn't proper for Edward Ferrars. Yes, maybe his age didn't match Emma Thompson's exactly but I think he acted wonderfully. His speech especially and stiff walk.
I loved the scenes at the beginning where he made friends with Margaret Dashwood and played with her. It was so sweet. My favourite, however, was definitely Colonel Brandon!
I think Alan Rickman was just perfect for that role. I've seen him only as professor Snape in the first Harry Potter film, so I can't compare very much but I would say he is a great actor. I love his voice (especially when he says 'What can I do?
Give me some occupation, Miss Dashwood, or I shall run mad.), love his intonation and how he cares for Marianne so tenderly and patiently even though she turns her back on him. You can see the suffering in his eyes! I first read the book and didn't like it much but after seeing the film I'll reread it. I highly recommend JAusten's books to anyone who hasn't read them yet and likes JA's adaptations.